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中国智能制造经历了数字化、网络化与智能化三个发展阶段,当前正处在“三阶段”融合发展的关键期。智能制造依然以机器体系为物质载体,仍处于机器大工业时期。马克思关于机器大工业“发动机-传动机构-工具机”的基本论断依然适用于智能时代。智能机器体系的“发动机”既包括计算机等硬件,也包括算法、云计算等软件;“传动机构”主要包括互联网、物联网、信息物理系统、工业互联网等;“工具机”主要包括智能数控机床、工业智能机器人、 3D打印等。智能制造能够实现个性化定制生产,改善供需关系,推动企业生产逻辑从“供给主导需求”转向“需求定义供给”,这将逐渐解构“生产—消费”二元对立,实现“产销合一”,进而有效避免因市场需求误判而导致的产能过剩问题,最终实现精准资源配置,提升资源配置效率。

China' s intelligent manufacturing has undergone the three development stages of digitization, networking, and intelligence, and is currently in a critical period of integrated development of these “three stages”. Intelligent manufacturing still relies on the machine system as its material carrier and is still in the era of largescale machine industry. Marx' s basic assertion about the “engine-transmission mechanism-working machine” of large-scale machine industry is still applicable in the era of intelligence. The “engine” of the intelligent machine system includes both hardware such as computers and software such as algorithms and cloud computing; the “transmission mechanism” mainly includes the Internet, the Internet of Things, cyber-physical systems, and the industrial Internet; and the “working machine” mainly includes intelligent CNC machine tools, industrial intelligent robots, 3D printing, etc. Intelligence enables personalized customization production, improves the supply-demand relationship, and promotes the shift of enterprise production logic from “supply-dominated demand” to “demanddefined supply”. This will gradually deconstruct the binary opposition of “production-consumption”, achieve the integration of production and marketing, and effectively avoid the problem of production overcapacity caused by misjudgment of market demand, ultimately achieving precise resources allocation and improving resources allocation efficiency.